## Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations(枚举和注解)
### Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation(坚持使用 @Override 注解)
The Java libraries contain several annotation types. For the typical programmer, the most important of these is @Override. This annotation can be used only on method declarations, and it indicates that the annotated method declaration overrides a declaration in a supertype. If you consistently use this annotation, it will protect you from a large class of nefarious bugs. Consider this program, in which the class Bigram represents a bigram, or ordered pair of letters:
Java 库包含几种注解类型。对于大多数的程序员来说,其中最重要的是 `@Override`。此注解只能在方法声明上使用,带有该注解的方法声明将覆盖超类型中的声明。如果你坚持使用这个注解,它将帮助你减少受到有害错误的影响。考虑这个程序,其中类 Bigram 表示一个二元语法,或有序的字母对:
```
// Can you spot the bug?
public class Bigram {
private final char first;
private final char second;
public Bigram(char first, char second) {
this.first = first;
this.second = second;
}
public boolean equals(Bigram b) {
return b.first == first && b.second == second;
}
public int hashCode() {
return 31 * first + second;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Set<Bigram> s = new HashSet<>();
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
for (char ch = 'a'; ch <= 'z'; ch++)
s.add(new Bigram(ch, ch));
System.out.println(s.size());
}
}
```
The main program repeatedly adds twenty-six bigrams, each consisting of two identical lowercase letters, to a set. Then it prints the size of the set. You might expect the program to print 26, as sets cannot contain duplicates. If you try running the program, you’ll find that it prints not 26 but 260. What is wrong with it?
主程序重复地向一个集合中添加 26 个 bigram,每个 bigram 由两个相同的小写字母组成。然后它打印该集合的大小。如果你尝试运行该程序,你会发现它打印的不是 26 而是 260。有什么问题吗?
Clearly, the author of the Bigram class intended to override the equals method (Item 10) and even remembered to override hashCode in tandem (Item 11). Unfortunately, our hapless programmer failed to override equals, overloading it instead (Item 52). To override Object.equals, you must define an equals method whose parameter is of type Object, but the parameter of Bigram’s equals method is not of type Object, so Bigram inherits the equals method from Object. This equals method tests for object identity, just like the == operator. Each of the ten copies of each bigram is distinct from the other nine, so they are deemed unequal by Object.equals, which explains why the program prints 260.
显然,Bigram 类的作者打算覆盖 equals 方法([Item-10](/Chapter-3/Chapter-3-Item-10-Obey-the-general-contract-when-overriding-equals.md)),甚至还记得要一并覆盖 hashCode([Item-11](/Chapter-3/Chapter-3-Item-11-Always-override-hashCode-when-you-override-equals.md))。不幸的是,我们的程序员没有覆盖 equals,而是重载了它([Item-52](/Chapter-8/Chapter-8-Item-52-Use-overloading-judiciously.md))。要覆盖 `Object.equals`,你必须定义一个 equals 方法,它的参数是 Object 类型的,但是 Bigram 的 equals 方法的参数不是 Object 类型的,所以 Bigram 从 Object 继承 equals 方法。这个继承来的 equals 方法只能检测对象同一性,就像 == 操作符一样。每 10 个 bigram 副本为一组,每组中的每个 bigram 副本都不同于其他 9 个,因此 `Object.equals` 认为它们不相等,这就解释了为什么程序最终打印 260。
Luckily, the compiler can help you find this error, but only if you help it by telling it that you intend to override Object.equals. To do this, annotate Bigram.equals with @Override, as shown here:
幸运的是,编译器可以帮助你找到这个错误,但前提是你告诉它你打算覆盖 `Object.equals`。为此,请使用 `@Override` 注解标记 `Bigram.equals`,如下所示:
```
@Override
public boolean equals(Bigram b) {
return b.first == first && b.second == second;
}
```
If you insert this annotation and try to recompile the program, the compiler will generate an error message like this:
如果你插入此注解并尝试重新编译程序,编译器将生成如下错误消息:
```
Bigram.java:10: method does not override or implement a method from a supertype
@Override public boolean equals(Bigram b) {
^
```
You will immediately realize what you did wrong, slap yourself on the forehead, and replace the broken equals implementation with a correct one (Item 10):
你会立刻意识到自己做错了什么,拍拍自己的额头,用正确的方式替换不正确的 equals 实现([Item-10](/Chapter-3/Chapter-3-Item-10-Obey-the-general-contract-when-overriding-equals.md)):
```
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (!(o instanceof Bigram))
return false;
Bigram b = (Bigram) o;
return b.first == first && b.second == second;
}
```
Therefore, you should **use the Override annotation on every method declaration that you believe to override a superclass declaration.** There is one minor exception to this rule. If you are writing a class that is not labeled abstract and you believe that it overrides an abstract method in its superclass, you needn’t bother putting the Override annotation on that method. In a class that is not declared abstract, the compiler will emit an error message if you fail to override an abstract superclass method. However, you might wish to draw attention to all of the methods in your class that override superclass methods, in which case you should feel free to annotate these methods too. Most IDEs can be set to insert Override annotations automatically when you elect to override a method.
因此,你应该在 **要覆盖超类声明的每个方法声明上使用 @Override 注解。** 这条规则有一个小小的例外。如果你正在编写一个没有标记为 abstract 的类,并且你认为它覆盖了其超类中的抽象方法,那么你不必费心在这些方法上添加 `@Override` 注解。在未声明为抽象的类中,如果未能覆盖抽象超类方法,编译器将发出错误消息。但是,你可能希望让类中覆盖超类方法的所有方法更加引人注目,在这种情况下,你也可以自由选择是否注解这些方法。大多数 IDE 都可以设置为在选择覆盖方法时自动插入覆盖注解。
Most IDEs provide another reason to use the Override annotation consistently. If you enable the appropriate check, the IDE will generate a warning if you have a method that doesn’t have an Override annotation but does override a superclass method. If you use the Override annotation consistently, these warnings will alert you to unintentional overriding. They complement the compiler’s error messages, which alert you to unintentional failure to override. Between the IDE and the compiler, you can be sure that you’re overriding methods everywhere you want to and nowhere else.
大多数 IDE 都提供了一致使用 `@Override` 注解的另一个原因。如果启用适当的检查,如果你的方法没有 `@Override` 注解,但确实覆盖了超类方法,IDE 将生成警告。如果你一致地使用 `@Override` 注解,这些警告将提醒你防止意外覆盖。它们补充编译器的错误消息,这些错误消息会警告你无意的覆盖错误。在 IDE 和编译器的帮助下,你可以确保在任何你想要实施覆盖的地方都覆盖了,而没有遗漏。
The Override annotation may be used on method declarations that override declarations from interfaces as well as classes. With the advent of default methods, it is good practice to use Override on concrete implementations of interface methods to ensure that the signature is correct. If you know that an interface does not have default methods, you may choose to omit Override annotations on concrete implementations of interface methods to reduce clutter.
`@Override` 注解可用于覆盖接口和类声明的方法声明。随着默认方法的出现,最好对接口方法的具体实现使用 `@Override` 来确保签名是正确的。如果你知道接口没有默认方法,你可以选择忽略接口方法的具体实现上的 `@Override` 注解,以减少混乱。
In an abstract class or an interface, however, it is worth annotating all methods that you believe to override superclass or superinterface methods, whether concrete or abstract. For example, the Set interface adds no new methods to the Collection interface, so it should include Override annotations on all of its method declarations to ensure that it does not accidentally add any new methods to the Collection interface.
然而,在抽象类或接口中,标记覆盖超类或超接口方法的所有方法是值得的,无论是具体的还是抽象的。例如,Set 接口不会向 Collection 接口添加任何新方法,因此它的所有方法声明的应该包含 `@Override` 注解,以确保它不会意外地向 Collection 接口添加任何新方法。
In summary, the compiler can protect you from a great many errors if you use the Override annotation on every method declaration that you believe to override a supertype declaration, with one exception. In concrete classes, you need not annotate methods that you believe to override abstract method declarations (though it is not harmful to do so).
总之,如果你在每个方法声明上都使用 `@Override` 注解来覆盖超类型声明(只有一个例外),那么编译器可以帮助你减少受到有害错误的影响。在具体类中,可以不对覆盖抽象方法声明的方法使用该注解(即使这么做也并不会有害)。
---
**[Back to contents of the chapter(返回章节目录)](/Chapter-6/Chapter-6-Introduction.md)**
- **Previous Item(上一条目):[Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns(注解优于命名模式)](/Chapter-6/Chapter-6-Item-39-Prefer-annotations-to-naming-patterns.md)**
- **Next Item(下一条目):[Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types(使用标记接口定义类型)](/Chapter-6/Chapter-6-Item-41-Use-marker-interfaces-to-define-types.md)**
- Chapter 2. Creating and Destroying Objects(创建和销毁对象)
- Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors(考虑以静态工厂方法代替构造函数)
- Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters(在面对多个构造函数参数时,请考虑构建器)
- Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type(使用私有构造函数或枚举类型实施单例属性)
- Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor(用私有构造函数实施不可实例化)
- Item 5: Prefer dependency injection to hardwiring resources(依赖注入优于硬连接资源)
- Item 6: Avoid creating unnecessary objects(避免创建不必要的对象)
- Item 7: Eliminate obsolete object references(排除过时的对象引用)
- Item 8: Avoid finalizers and cleaners(避免使用终结器和清除器)
- Item 9: Prefer try with resources to try finally(使用 try-with-resources 优于 try-finally)
- Chapter 3. Methods Common to All Objects(对象的通用方法)
- Item 10: Obey the general contract when overriding equals(覆盖 equals 方法时应遵守的约定)
- Item 11: Always override hashCode when you override equals(当覆盖 equals 方法时,总要覆盖 hashCode 方法)
- Item 12: Always override toString(始终覆盖 toString 方法)
- Item 13: Override clone judiciously(明智地覆盖 clone 方法)
- Item 14: Consider implementing Comparable(考虑实现 Comparable 接口)
- Chapter 4. Classes and Interfaces(类和接口)
- Item 15: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members(尽量减少类和成员的可访问性)
- Item 16: In public classes use accessor methods not public fields(在公共类中,使用访问器方法,而不是公共字段)
- Item 17: Minimize mutability(减少可变性)
- Item 18: Favor composition over inheritance(优先选择复合而不是继承)
- Item 19: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it(继承要设计良好并且具有文档,否则禁止使用)
- Item 20: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes(接口优于抽象类)
- Item 21: Design interfaces for posterity(为后代设计接口)
- Item 22: Use interfaces only to define types(接口只用于定义类型)
- Item 23: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes(类层次结构优于带标签的类)
- Item 24: Favor static member classes over nonstatic(静态成员类优于非静态成员类)
- Item 25: Limit source files to a single top level class(源文件仅限有单个顶层类)
- Chapter 5. Generics(泛型)
- Item 26: Do not use raw types(不要使用原始类型)
- Item 27: Eliminate unchecked warnings(消除 unchecked 警告)
- Item 28: Prefer lists to arrays(list 优于数组)
- Item 29: Favor generic types(优先使用泛型)
- Item 30: Favor generic methods(优先使用泛型方法)
- Item 31: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility(使用有界通配符增加 API 的灵活性)
- Item 32: Combine generics and varargs judiciously(明智地合用泛型和可变参数)
- Item 33: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers(考虑类型安全的异构容器)
- Chapter 6. Enums and Annotations(枚举和注解)
- Item 34: Use enums instead of int constants(用枚举类型代替 int 常量)
- Item 35: Use instance fields instead of ordinals(使用实例字段替代序数)
- Item 36: Use EnumSet instead of bit fields(用 EnumSet 替代位字段)
- Item 37: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing(使用 EnumMap 替换序数索引)
- Item 38: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces(使用接口模拟可扩展枚举)
- Item 39: Prefer annotations to naming patterns(注解优于命名模式)
- Item 40: Consistently use the Override annotation(坚持使用 @Override 注解)
- Item 41: Use marker interfaces to define types(使用标记接口定义类型)
- Chapter 7. Lambdas and Streams(λ 表达式和流)
- Item 42: Prefer lambdas to anonymous classes(λ 表达式优于匿名类)
- Item 43: Prefer method references to lambdas(方法引用优于 λ 表达式)
- Item 44: Favor the use of standard functional interfaces(优先使用标准函数式接口)
- Item 45: Use streams judiciously(明智地使用流)
- Item 46: Prefer side effect free functions in streams(在流中使用无副作用的函数)
- Item 47: Prefer Collection to Stream as a return type(优先选择 Collection 而不是流作为返回类型)
- Item 48: Use caution when making streams parallel(谨慎使用并行流)
- Chapter 8. Methods(方法)
- Item 49: Check parameters for validity(检查参数的有效性)
- Item 50: Make defensive copies when needed(在需要时制作防御性副本)
- Item 51: Design method signatures carefully(仔细设计方法签名)
- Item 52: Use overloading judiciously(明智地使用重载)
- Item 53: Use varargs judiciously(明智地使用可变参数)
- Item 54: Return empty collections or arrays, not nulls(返回空集合或数组,而不是 null)
- Item 55: Return optionals judiciously(明智地的返回 Optional)
- Item 56: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements(为所有公开的 API 元素编写文档注释)
- Chapter 9. General Programming(通用程序设计)
- Item 57: Minimize the scope of local variables(将局部变量的作用域最小化)
- Item 58: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops(for-each 循环优于传统的 for 循环)
- Item 59: Know and use the libraries(了解并使用库)
- Item 60: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required(若需要精确答案就应避免使用 float 和 double 类型)
- Item 61: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives(基本数据类型优于包装类)
- Item 62: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate(其他类型更合适时应避免使用字符串)
- Item 63: Beware the performance of string concatenation(当心字符串连接引起的性能问题)
- Item 64: Refer to objects by their interfaces(通过接口引用对象)
- Item 65: Prefer interfaces to reflection(接口优于反射)
- Item 66: Use native methods judiciously(明智地使用本地方法)
- Item 67: Optimize judiciously(明智地进行优化)
- Item 68: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions(遵守被广泛认可的命名约定)
- Chapter 10. Exceptions(异常)
- Item 69: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions(仅在确有异常条件下使用异常)
- Item 70: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors(对可恢复情况使用 checked 异常,对编程错误使用运行时异常)
- Item 71: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions(避免不必要地使用 checked 异常)
- Item 72: Favor the use of standard exceptions(鼓励复用标准异常)
- Item 73: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction(抛出能用抽象解释的异常)
- Item 74: Document all exceptions thrown by each method(为每个方法记录会抛出的所有异常)
- Item 75: Include failure capture information in detail messages(异常详细消息中应包含捕获失败的信息)
- Item 76: Strive for failure atomicity(尽力保证故障原子性)
- Item 77: Don’t ignore exceptions(不要忽略异常)
- Chapter 11. Concurrency(并发)
- Item 78: Synchronize access to shared mutable data(对共享可变数据的同步访问)
- Item 79: Avoid excessive synchronization(避免过度同步)
- Item 80: Prefer executors, tasks, and streams to threads(Executor、task、流优于直接使用线程)
- Item 81: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify(并发实用工具优于 wait 和 notify)
- Item 82: Document thread safety(文档应包含线程安全属性)
- Item 83: Use lazy initialization judiciously(明智地使用延迟初始化)
- Item 84: Don’t depend on the thread scheduler(不要依赖线程调度器)
- Chapter 12. Serialization(序列化)
- Item 85: Prefer alternatives to Java serialization(优先选择 Java 序列化的替代方案)
- Item 86: Implement Serializable with great caution(非常谨慎地实现 Serializable)
- Item 87: Consider using a custom serialized form(考虑使用自定义序列化形式)
- Item 88: Write readObject methods defensively(防御性地编写 readObject 方法)
- Item 89: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResolve(对于实例控制,枚举类型优于 readResolve)
- Item 90: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances(考虑以序列化代理代替序列化实例)